THE TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM BASIC AND TUTORIALS


Like any other industry, the electric power system may be thought of as consisting of three main divisions:

1. manufacture, production or generation, cogeneration,
2. delivery or transmission and distribution,
3. consumption.

The figure below show a typical transmission and distribution system in both pictorial and block diagram forms. Although geographical difficulties, demand variances, and other reasons may make for minor differences in some transmission and distribution systems, the voltages chosen here are pretty typical.



This is what happens to electricity between the generator and a home, office, store, or factory. There are many definitions of transmission lines, distribution circuits, and substations specifying distinctions between them.

However, none of these definitions is universally applicable. To give some idea of where one ends and the other begins: Transmission may be compared to bulk delivery of a commodity from factory to regional depots; subtransmission from the depot to central area warehouses; primary distribution from area warehouse to local wholesale vendors; secondary distribution from the vendors to local stores; services from store to consumer.

In the pictorial rendition, note that the generator produces 20,000 volts. This, however, is raised to 138,000 volts for the long transmission journey. This power is conducted over 138,000-volt (138 kV) transmission lines to switching stations located in the important load area served.

These steel tower or wood frame lines, which constitute the backbone of the transmission system, span fields and rivers in direct cross country routes. When the power reaches the switching stations, it is stepped down to 69,000 volts (69 kV) for transmission in smaller quantities to the substations in the local load areas. (In some cases it might be stepped down to 13,800 volts [13.8 kV] for direct distribution to local areas.)

Transmission circuits of such voltages usually consist of open wires on wood or steel poles and structures in outlying zones (along highways, for example) where this type of construction is practicable.

Other transmission-line installations can provide an interchange of power between two or more utility companies to their mutual advantage. Sometimes, in more densely populated areas, portions of these transmission lines may consist of high-voltage underground systems operating at 69,000, 138,000, 220,000, 345,000, 500,000, and 750,000 volts.

At the substations, the incoming power is lowered in voltage for distribution over the local area. Each substation feeds its local load area by means of primary distribution feeders, some operating at 2400 volts and others at 4160 volts and 13,800 volts or higher.

Ordinarily, primary feeders are one to five miles in length; in rural sections where demands for electricity are relatively light and scattered, they are sometimes as long as 10 or 12 miles. These circuits are usually carried on poles; but in the more densely built-up sections, underground conduits convey the cables, or the cable may be buried directly in the ground.

Distribution transformers connect to the primary distribution lines. These transformers step down the primary voltage from 2400 volts, 4160 volts, or 13,800 volts, as the case may be, to approximately 120 volts or 240 volts for distribution over secondary mains to the consumer’s service.

The lines which carry the energy at utilization voltage from the transformer to consumer’s services are called secondary distribution mains and may be found overhead or underground. In the case of transformers supplying large amounts of electrical energy to individual consumers, no secondary mains are required.

Such consumers are railroads, large stores, and factories. The service wires or cables are connected directly to these transformers. Transformers may also serve a number of consumers and secondary mains; they are located in practically every street in the area served by utility companies.

Services and meters link the distribution system and the consumer’s wiring. Energy is tapped from the secondary mains at the nearest location and carried by the service wires to the consumer’s building.

As it passes on to operate the lights, motors, and various appliances supplied by the house wiring, it is measured by a highly accurate device known as the watt-hour meter. The watt-hour meter represents the cash register of the utility company.

24 comments:

  1. Very nice..Brilltech Group is an internationally awarded Distribution System Manufacturerin India. We use unique technology to ensure that we provide world-class high-quality distribution panels cost effectively.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Thank you for providing such a nice article about the MEP services. I've note some important points from your blog. I'm going to share it with my friends. Thank you and keep it up.

    ReplyDelete
  3. Thank you for writing such a nice blog with useful information.. Your blog post is so interesting! I hope you will share some more info about emergency electrician 24 hour bracknell

    ReplyDelete
  4. I really like to read this post, it shares lots of helpful tutorial for learning.

    Hot tub installations Edmonton

    ReplyDelete
  5. Hi,
    Thanks for the writing, I was searching my requirement and I reached here.
    This is amazing.
    Electrician Services in Rawalpindi

    ReplyDelete

  6. Do you need electrician services? Muscat home is a leading company which

    provides skilled professional who inspects, installs and repairs electrical wiring and components in and around residential buildings. For more information you can

    call us - +968-95031616

    ReplyDelete
  7. Nice blog to learn about Wholesale and Distribution .

    Thanks for sharing.

    ReplyDelete
  8. Others I've read made me feel like I needed a degree to decipher them. After reading your article, I'm compelling to share your points on this topic. You have done a very good job with your attention to detail you put into this article. emergency electrician London

    ReplyDelete
  9. Your article has really good reading, thought-provoking information. You make several sound points I find agreeable. Your article is a good example of superior writing from a writer that cares. Thanks for sharing this information.emergency electrician London

    ReplyDelete
  10. Thank you for this article. Personally, I think this material is great. I agree with much of your information here. It also motivates me to learn more. I await the next article with great anticipation. This is truly a great informative article. For more information visit here: emergency electrician

    ReplyDelete
  11. Thank you so much for this information. if you want to buy Rectifier Transformer in India, Visit Transformer Manufacturers in pune, One of the best Transformer Manufacturers in India.

    ReplyDelete
  12. Thanks For posting such a great article, very useful and profitable.
    Trutech Products provide the most reliable products that fit your industry needs and you will never get a chance to complain about the quality of product purchased from us.Access us to know more about Transformers
    Transformer Manufacturers In Mumbai

    ReplyDelete
  13. Great post on electrical distribution, I have learnt a so much from this post. Electrician Redditch

    ReplyDelete
  14. Thanks For Posting this informative article. Power Supply Systems Suppliers from different locations across India can be easily found on MSME Global Mart, The Non Transnational B2B Portal For MSMEs

    ReplyDelete
  15. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  16. I home school my two teenagers and when I found this article I knew I had to make them read it. They did and we all really learned something from it. Thank you for helping us. I wish I had found your article sooner, but now I'm here. I like your fresh points in this content. That's just so very refreshing. Best electrician toronto is a premier electrical service provider that has been offering exceptional services to residential and commercial clients for over a decade. The company was founded by John Smith, a highly experienced electrician with a vision of providing efficient and reliable electrical services to clients in need. The company's dedication to quality workmanship, safety, and customer satisfaction has earned them a reputation as one of the most trusted electrical service providers in the industry.

    ReplyDelete
  17. Awesome post. You Post is very informative and I enjoy reading articles that are so very well-written.
    custom erp software development

    ReplyDelete
  18. Electrician Parramatta is ahead of the curve when it comes to technology. They suggested energy-efficient solutions for my home, saving me money in the long run. Very forward-thinking!

    ReplyDelete
  19. Outstanding technical and customer service abilities. Without a doubt, we'll utilize them again!
    Electrical Engineering Service Provider

    ReplyDelete
  20. Respect and that i have a swell provide: How Much Remodel House my home renovation

    ReplyDelete
  21. Understanding the journey of electricity from generators to end users is crucial in electrical engineering. From high-voltage transmission lines to local distribution and finally, the delivery to homes and businesses, each stage is vital for efficient power supply. For in-depth learning and resources, explore detailed tutorials on this process.

    ReplyDelete
  22. This tutorial on the transmission and distribution system is incredibly informative! Breaking down the complex journey of electricity from generation to consumption helps clarify how vital each component is in ensuring reliable power delivery. Understanding the differences between transmission lines, substations, and distribution circuits is essential for anyone interested in the electric power industry. Great job!

    ReplyDelete

PREVIOUS ARTICLES

free counters