A voltage sag (dip) is defined as a decrease in the root-mean-square (rms) voltage at the power frequency for periods ranging from a half cycle to a minute.11 It is caused by voltage drops due to fault currents or starting of large motors. Sags may trigger shutdown of process controllers or computer system crashes.
A voltage swell is defined as an increase up to a level between 1.1 and 1.8 pu in rms voltage at the power frequency for periods ranging from a half cycle to a minute.
An interruption occurs when the supply voltage decreases to less than 0.1 pu for a period of time not exceeding 1 min. Interruptions can be caused by faults, control malfunctions, or equipment failures.
All these types of disturbances, such as voltage sags, voltage swells, and interruptions, can be classified into three types, depending on their duration.
a. Instantaneous: 0.5–30 cycles
b. Momentary: 30 cycles–3 s
c. Temporary: 3 s–1 min
It is helpful to distinguish the term outage used in reliability terminology from sustained interruption when the supply voltage is zero for longer than 1 min.
Outage refers to the state of a component in a system that has failed to function as expected and is used to quantify reliability statistics regarding continuity of service, whereas sustained interruptions as used in monitoring power quality to indicate the absence of voltage for long periods of time.
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